The action of a simple lens, similar to many of those used in the microscope, is governed by the principles of refraction and reflection and can be understood with the aid of a few simple rules about the geometry involved in tracing light rays through the lens. Archimedes and other ancient greek thinkers made original contributions but we mention here heron of alexandria c. For more content related to this post you can click on labels link. Geometrical optics, or ray optics, is a model of optics that describes light propagation in terms of. The light ray in geometrical optics is an instrument which is used to approximate models of how a light will propagate. All downloads are covered by a creative commons license. Optics notes massachusetts institute of technology. Anomalous refraction of optical spacetime wave packets. Photon and biphoton physics is a straightforward overview of basic principles.
What we have already learned about the generation of light in our study of heat transfer by radiation will be expanded upon in later topics, especially those on atomic physics. Calculate the critical angle of incidence for the interface between two optical media and. Light is an electromagnetic disturbance, and as such is described using maxwells equations, which. If you are planning to go into a veterinary or medical field, you might be helping patients with eye problems.
Ap physics geometric optics well start off our exploration of optics with the topic of mirrors. Understanding how light rays can be manipulated allows us to create better contact lenses, fiber optic cables, and high powered telescopes. When an object is placed in front of a plane mirror the image is. Chapter 9 ray optics and optical instruments subscribe for latest updates national council of educational research and training ncert book for class xii. This document is highly rated by class 12 students and has been viewed 21832 times. Optics notes topics in these notes are wave properties polarization focal lengths geometrical optics i.
Experiment 7 geometrical optics department of physics at. In principle, ray tracing can help us to analyze image formation in any given optical. It consists of three parts which can, and for practical purposes probably should, be done in any order. For our purposes, in understanding how optical instruments work, the wave theory of light is entirely adequate. Geometrical optics is an interesting subject full of wonderful applications, a subject that can appear anywhere in an introductory physics course.
Wave properties in general there are two types of waves. We will use the optical rail, lenses, and the camera body to quantify image formation and magni. Your first thought is probably, what do we care about mirrors on airplanes for. Home stellar atmospheres celestial mechanics classical mechanics geometric optics electricity and magnetism heat and. This curriculum was originally developed for a seniorlevel optics course in the department of physics and astronomy at brigham young university.
At the end of the experiment you will design a microscope or telescope. Waves, electromagnetism, optics and modern physics on free shipping on qualified orders. Wave optics propagation, interference and diffraction of waves axel kuhn, oxford 2016 paul ewarts lecture notes and problem sets. A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field pdf. Geometrical optics please remember to photocopy 4 pages onto one sheet by going a3a4 and using back to back on the photocopier contents. Authored by a highly regarded international researcher and pioneer in the field, an introduction to quantum optics. Students will learn about refraction, lenses, and mirrors. Geometrical optics is the treatment of the passage of light through lenses, prisms, etc. If not, maybe you just want to know a little more about your own eyeglasses or contact lenses. Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light, including its. These are free to download and to share with others provided credit is shown. In particular, optics is concerned with the generation and propagation of light and its interaction with matter.
The principle may be used to derive snells laws of reflection and refraction. A light ray from a source goes in a straight line through the air, but when it encounters a lens, prism, or mirror it bends or changes direction. The next logical step is to model the physics of light propagation. General physics 2 geometric optics 16 sign conventions focal length positive for converging lenses negative for diverging lenses object distance positive if the object is on the side of the lens from which the light is coming this is usually the case otherwise, it is negative virtual object. This is the post on the topic of the 10th physics chapter 12 geometrical optics numerical problems. Geometrical optics you will be introduced to ray optics and image formation in this experiment. The book presents several physical effects and properties of materials used in lasers and electro optics in the first chapter and, in the three remaining chapters, applications of lasers and electro optics in three different areas are presented. Light rays tend to bend at the interface of two different medium where re\fractive index changes. Optics is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of visible light and other electromagnetic waves. To present some of the classical tools used in the solution of integrals and differential equations that appear typically in physics and optics.
With maxwells theory, the student is introduced to the wave nature of. A upright, magnified and real b upright, the same size and virtual c inverted, demagnified and real d inverted, magnified and virtual 2. For physics and engineering, it covers lasers and fiber optics, emphasizing. Continuing the a level physics revision series with geometric optics. Currently this section contains no detailed description for the page, will update this page soon. Optics describe the light propagation in terms of light ray. Geometric optics converging lenses and mirrors physics lab iv objective in this set of lab exercises, the basic properties geometric optics concerning converging lenses and mirrors will be explored. Basics of optics, laws of reflection and refraction, reflection from spherical mirrors, velocity of image, refraction at plane surfaces, prism theory, defects of images, refraction from curved surfaces. Light is an electromagnetic disturbance, and as such is described using maxwells equations, which expresses the relationship between the electric.
Howell2 1the institute of optics, university of rochester, rochester, new york 14627, usa 2department of physics and astronomy, university of rochester, rochester, new york 14627, usa joseph. Topics are addressed froma physics perspective and include. Home stellar atmospheres celestial mechanics classical mechanics geometric optics electricity and magnetism heat and thermodynamics physical optics max fairbairns planetary photometry integrals and differential equations. These are but a few of the questions that are answered by the study of optics.
We have already studied that the geometric centre of a spherical mirror is called its pole while. Optics 2 the subject of geometrical optics is the study of the behavior of light when the phenomena can be explained by ray tracing, where shadows are sharp and. The type of mirror you are most familiar with is called a plane mirror. The wave fronts are spherical, and the direction of motion of the wave is perpendicular to the wave front, as depicted in figure. Longitudal waves are those in which the displacement of the mediumor eld is in the direction of the wave. A ray is a line that has an origin, but does not have an end. The post is tagged and categorized under in 10th notes, 10th physics notes, education news, notes tags. Optics physics pdf geometric optics practice problems. Physics optics problems science and mathematics education research group supported by ubc teaching and learning enhancement fund 20122015 faculty of education department of curriculum and pedagogy f a c u l t y o f e d u c a t i o n. This lab consists of many short optics experiments. Watch how the image changes when you adjust the focal length of the lens, move the object, move the lens, or move the screen.
This is because we observe the processes emission, reflection, scattering at a distance 10cms with bare eyes that are much longer than the wavelength of light 107. Ray optics and optical instruments 311 this case is to be taken as normal to the tangent to surface at the point of incidence. We have a preference not to introduce geometrical optics after maxwells equations. The goal of the experiment is to be able to analyze ray diagrams so as to determine fundamental properties of image formation.
Geometrical optics, alevel physics contents of section. Phy 431 optics course syllabus michigan state university. May 03, 2012 continuing the a level physics revision series with geometric optics. Despite much interest and progress in optical spatial cloaking. Image seen as a result of reflection of light on a plane smooth surface. Optics is an exciting area of study, but as with most areas of physics it requires a variety of mathematical tools to be fully appreciated. Nasa goddard photo and video, via flickr light from this page or screen is formed into an image by the lens of your eye, much as the lens of the camera that made this photograph. Chapter notes geometrical optics, class 12, physics iit.
Optics lecture 2016 university of oxford department of physics. When light interacts with an object that is several times as large as the lights wavelength, its observable behavior is like that of a ray. That is, the normal is along the radius, the line joining the centre of curvature of the mirror to the point of incidence. Light waves can be bent and reflected to form new and sometimes altered images. A upright, magnified and real b upright, the same size and virtual c inverted, demagnified and real d inverted, magnified and virtual.
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